Epochs of structure formation of the Universe

TSWs, the analysis of statistical characteristics of the main structures of the Universe: atoms, stars and galaxies shows that at least two pronounced modes can be distinguished everywhere. And the first mode in all cases is formed by the objects of the first epoch of star formation. Since we are talking about the simultaneous formation of stars, galaxies, and atoms, we will use the term - FIRST EPOCH OF STRUCTURE FORMATION.

This epoch is revealed in many separate and special works devoted to the evolution of the Universe. It began, most likely, at the moment when the expansion of the Universe reached a size of about \(10^{27}\) cm, which occurred at time t0 ~ 1 billion years. This is when the first stars in the first elliptical galaxies formed, which most likely made up the primary cellular structure of the Metagalaxy. This is why elliptical galaxies mostly belong to galaxy clusters.

This first epoch of structure formation passed simultaneously through all scale floors of the Universe and generated its basic objects: elliptical galaxies, population type II stars, light atoms of the second period of the periodic system of elements of D. I. Mendeleev and, apparently, meta- and substructures, which, according to their sizes, are clearly distributed along the crests and troughs of our model SW.

This burst of structure formation was very powerful and relatively short-lived. After it, the Universe for the first time acquired its familiar to us appearance, but without much diversity of structures: there were no spiral galaxies, heavy chemical elements, molecular clouds, unusual stars, etc. There were representatives of all scale classes of the Universe, but shaped by a minimum of diversity. At this moment all statistical curves, if there was a statistical astrophysicist, would look very simple - unimodal.

Apparently, after this period, further expansion took place without a noticeable renewal of the structural composition of the Universe.

It is possible that the expansion has slowed down, which is understandable given that within our model the Metagalaxy has fallen into a resonant very stable large-scale state.

In any case, astrophysicists note a lull, which after about 5 billion years was replaced by a new, SECOND WAVE OF STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION, which produced objects several times larger in size and mass.

Perhaps this second era is over, perhaps it is ending, or perhaps it is still going on.

That said, it's important to note:

• that it was the second epoch that gave rise to spiral structures in some elliptical galaxies, and predominantly in cluster-free galaxies;
• that it's the one that gave birth to all the Type I stars;
• and it was the one that produced the bulk of heavy elements. All the listed objects in statistical distributions are grouped around the second mode.

These objects gave the Universe a diversity and a palette of new properties never seen before. By the way, it is possible that now we are experiencing not the remnants of the second epoch, but the beginning of the THIRD, the freshest Era of STRUCTURE-BREAKING, which generates the largest types of structures on all floors of the S-axis: heavy and superheavy elements, supermassive and very active galaxies, the newest stars.

As for the stars, there are some indications that the third epoch is separated from the second by a period of quiescence, and there is a gap between the stars of the second and third epochs in the diagrams. Once again we remember that the THIRD epoch of STRUCTURAL formation is distinguished, in particular, by the astronomer S. A. Kaplan. A. Kaplan. The basis for this is, apparently, a branch of bright giants (3L), separate from the main sequence and shifted towards larger sizes. It practically runs parallel to the main sequence in the Sp-D diagram.

We can assume that this is the main sequence of today's star formation process. Then it will develop a continuation downward to the left, toward smaller stars, and to the right - a path for outdated stars, a roll toward red supergiants.

Extrapolation of this wave into the future allows us to find the upper point of the third, modern stellar bell. Its coordinate on the S-axis is approximately 12.9.

It is fundamentally important to note that all objects of the first epoch of structure formation are separated from each other on the S-axis by distances divisible by \(10^{5}\). These objects occupy the leftmost (first) modes in the bimodal distribution.

The location on the S-axis of the objects of the second epoch of structure formation is different. We refer to these objects in the second modes. The second modes of each class, as it can be tentatively PROPOSED, are shifted to the right relative to the first ones not by a constant value, but by some variable value of the shift, which increases as we move along the S-axis to the right from atoms to galaxies. What is the reason for this shift, we will try to explain it in the next section of this chapter.